John Clarke, an emeritus professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley, speaks on October 7, 2025, at a press conference on the campus celebrating his 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics. Briton John Clarke, Frenchman Michel Devoret and American John Martinis won the Nobel Prize in Physics on October 7, 2025 for putting quantum mechanics into action and enabling the development of all kinds of digital technology from cellphones to a new generation. (Photo by Karl Mondon / AFP) (Photo by KARL MONDON/AFP via Getty Images)

John Clarke (L), an emeritus professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley, is toasted by Steve Kahn, dean of math and physical sciences on October 7, 2025, during a celebration of his 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics. Briton John Clarke, Frenchman Michel Devoret and American John Martinis won the Nobel Prize in Physics on October 7, 2025 for putting quantum mechanics into action and enabling the development of all kinds of digital technology from cellphones to a new generation. (Photo by Karl Mondon / AFP) (Photo by KARL MONDON/AFP via Getty Images)

John Clarke (L), an emeritus professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley, is toasted by Steve Kahn, dean of math and physical sciences on October 7, 2025, during a celebration of his 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics. Briton John Clarke, Frenchman Michel Devoret and American John Martinis won the Nobel Prize in Physics on October 7, 2025 for putting quantum mechanics into action and enabling the development of all kinds of digital technology from cellphones to a new generation. (Photo by Karl Mondon / AFP) (Photo by KARL MONDON/AFP via Getty Images)

Mary Catherine Birgeneau celebrates with John Clarke (R), an emeritus professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley, on Tuesday, October 7, 2025, after he was announced a winner of the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics. Briton John Clarke, Frenchman Michel Devoret and American John Martinis won the Nobel Prize in Physics on October 7, 2025 for putting quantum mechanics into action and enabling the development of all kinds of digital technology from cellphones to a new generation. (Photo by Karl Mondon / AFP) (Photo by KARL MONDON/AFP via Getty Images)

John Clarke, an emeritus professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley, speaks on October 7, 2025, at a press conference on the campus celebrating his 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics. Briton John Clarke, Frenchman Michel Devoret and American John Martinis won the Nobel Prize in Physics on October 7, 2025 for putting quantum mechanics into action and enabling the development of all kinds of digital technology from cellphones to a new generation. (Photo by Karl Mondon / AFP) (Photo by KARL MONDON/AFP via Getty Images)

John Clarke, an emeritus professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley, arrives for a press conference on the campus celebrating his 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics, on October 7, 2025. Briton John Clarke, Frenchman Michel Devoret and American John Martinis won the Nobel Prize in Physics on October 7, 2025 for putting quantum mechanics into action and enabling the development of all kinds of digital technology from cellphones to a new generation. (Photo by Karl Mondon / AFP) (Photo by KARL MONDON/AFP via Getty Images)

Friends of John Clarke, an emeritus professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley, celebrate his 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics, on October 7, 2025, in Berkeley, California. Briton John Clarke, Frenchman Michel Devoret and American John Martinis won the Nobel Prize in Physics on October 7, 2025 for putting quantum mechanics into action and enabling the development of all kinds of digital technology from cellphones to a new generation. (Photo by Karl Mondon / AFP) (Photo by KARL MONDON/AFP via Getty Images)

Goeran Johansson, Member of the Nobel Committe for Physics, explains the field of science of the winners during a press conference to announce the winners of the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, Sweden, on October 7, 2025. Briton John Clarke, Frenchman Michel H Devoret and American John M Martinis won the Nobel Prize in Physics 2025 'for the discovery of macroscopic quatum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit', it was announced. (Photo by Christine Olsson/TT / TT NEWS AGENCY / AFP) / Sweden OUT (Photo by CHRISTINE OLSSON/TT/TT NEWS AGENCY/AFP via Getty Images)